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What tax incentives exist for higher education?

The federal government provides individuals with financial assistance for higher education expenses in two major ways: traditional student aid (through loans, grants, and work study)...

What tax incentives exist to help families save for education expenses?

Tax-favored accounts encourage families to save for education expenses by reducing or eliminating the tax normally owed. But there’s a catch: to reap significant benefits,...

What is the tax treatment of college and university endowments?

The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), imposes a new tax on a small group of private nonprofit colleges and universities. Institutions enrolling at...

What is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit and how does it work?

The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) subsidizes the acquisition, construction, and rehabilitation of affordable rental housing for low- and moderate-income tenants. The LIHTC was enacted...

What are Opportunity Zones and how do they work?

How do opportunity zones work, who can claim the incentives, and what projects can they support? The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act included a new...

What is a territorial tax and does the United States have one now?

When corporations based in one country earn profits from production in other countries, the countries involved must decide on the appropriate tax base. Such rules...

What is the TCJA repatriation tax and how does it work?

Before the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), the United States generally taxed its corporations and residents on their worldwide income. However, a US...

What is the TCJA base erosion and anti-abuse tax and how does it work?

Over the past several decades, US multinational corporations have used a variety of techniques to shift profit from the United States to other countries (and,...

What is global intangible low-taxed income and how is it taxed under the TCJA?

Before the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), the United States generally taxed its firms and residents on their worldwide income. However, US firms...

What is foreign-derived intangible income and how is it taxed under the TCJA?

As part of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, Congress lowered the tax rate for US corporations’ foreign-derived intangible income (FDII). Congress effectively reduced...

The State of State (and Local) Tax Policy

How might the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) be reformed?

A case for reforming the esi exclusion The exclusion of employer-paid premiums for health insurance from federal income and payroll taxes is the single largest...
Federal Budget and Economy

How does the federal government spend its money?

Mandatory Spending Mandatory spending covers outlays that are controlled by laws other than appropriations acts. Almost all such spending is for “entitlements,” for which expenditures...
Federal Budget and Economy

How do US taxes compare internationally?

TOTAL TAX REVENUE US taxes are low relative to those in other high-income countries (figure 1). In 2018, taxes at all levels of US government...

Federal Budget

Federal Budget Process

About 55 percent of federal government spending in fiscal 2010 was mandatory, covering all expenditures that are controlled by laws other than appropriations acts (see...
Individual Taxes

How many people pay the estate tax?

Because of a series of increases in the estate tax exemption, few estates pay the tax. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of...
Individual Taxes

How do the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes work?

The United States has taxed the estates of deceased people since 1916. In 1976, Congress linked taxes on estates, gifts made during life ( inter...
Federal Budget and Economy

What does it mean for a government program to be off-budget?

The budget brings together the spending and receipts of virtually all federal activities, from paying doctors who treat Medicare patients to financing the Environmental Protection Agency to collecting income taxes to selling oil leases on federal land...
Federal Budget and Economy

How did the TCJA affect the federal budget outlook?

At the start of 2017, congressional Republicans often spoke about revenue-neutral tax reform. The revenue losses from tax cuts would be offset by rolling back tax breaks or introducing other taxes, most notably a destination-based cash flow tax—sometimes called the border-adjusted tax...
Individual Taxes

What policy reforms could simplify the tax code?

The key to tax simplification is to make fewer distinctions across economic activities and taxpayers’ personal characteristics. This would not only reduce compliance costs, but...
Individual Taxes

Who pays the estate tax?

The Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center estimates that some 4,000 individuals dying in 2018 left estates large enough to require filing an estate tax return (estates...
Federal Budget and Economy

What is a broad-based income tax?

Broadening the Income Tax Base Base broadening involves increasing the portion of income subject to taxation. It is often accompanied by proposals to decrease tax...
Campaigns, Proposals, and Reforms

What are the major options for comprehensive tax reform?

Income Tax Base-Broadening Base-broadening involves increasing the portion of income subject to taxation. It is often accompanied by proposals to decrease tax rates. The Bowles-Simpson...
Individual Taxes

What does the IRS do and how can it be improved?

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) administers the federal tax laws that Congress enacts. IRS performs three main functions—tax return processing, enforcement, and taxpayer service. In...

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